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789 lines
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42 KiB
HTML
789 lines
No EOL
42 KiB
HTML
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<meta name="generator" content="Asciidoctor 1.5.6.1">
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<meta name="author" content="[[installing-grub2]]">
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<title>Installing GRUB2</title>
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|
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</style>
|
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</head>
|
|
<body class="article">
|
|
<div id="header">
|
|
<h1>Installing <strong>GRUB2</strong></h1>
|
|
<div class="details">
|
|
<span id="author" class="author">[[installing-grub2]]</span><br>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="content">
|
|
<div id="preamble">
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p><strong>GRUB2</strong> is the latest version of <strong>GNU GRUB</strong>, the <em>GRand Unified Bootloader</em>.
|
|
A bootloader is the first software program that runs when a computer
|
|
starts. It is responsible for loading and transferring control to the
|
|
operating system kernel. In Fedora, the kernel is Linux. The kernel then initializes
|
|
the rest of the operating system.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p><strong>GRUB2</strong> is the follower of the previous version <strong>GRUB</strong> (version 0.9x). The original version is available under the name <strong>GRUB Legacy</strong>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Since Fedora 16, <strong>GRUB2</strong> has been the default bootloader on x86 BIOS
|
|
systems. For upgrades of BIOS systems, the default is also to install
|
|
<strong>GRUB2</strong>, but you can opt to skip bootloader configuration entirely.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_installing_grub2_on_a_bios_system">Installing GRUB2 on a BIOS system</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div id="installing-grub-2-on-a-bios-system" class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Normally, <strong>GRUB2</strong> will be installed and set up by the installer, <strong>Anaconda</strong>, during the installation process. You will probably never have to deal with manual installation of <strong>GRUB2</strong>. However, in certain situations , you will want to install <strong>GRUB2</strong> manually, especially if you need to repair the existing <strong>GRUB2</strong> installation or you want to change its configuration.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>This procedure shows the steps to install <strong>GRUB2</strong> on your <em>Master Boot Record</em> (MBR) of your primary hard disk.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Before you start:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="ulist">
|
|
<div class="title">Before you start</div>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Make sure you have the the <strong>GRUB2</strong> packages and the <code>os-prober</code> package installed in your system:</p>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>$ dnf list installed | grep grub</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>To automatically collect information about your disks and operating systems installed on them, the <code>os-prober</code> package needs to be installed on your system.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="olist arabic">
|
|
<div class="title">Procedure</div>
|
|
<ol class="arabic">
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>List block devices available on the system.</p>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>$ lsblk</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Identify the primary hard disk. Usually, it is the <code>sda</code> device.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Install <strong>GRUB2</strong> in the MBR of the primary hard disk.</p>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>$ sudo grub2-install /dev/sda</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Create a configuration file for <strong>GRUB2</strong>.</p>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>$ sudo grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Reboot your computer to boot with the newly installed bootloader.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="ulist">
|
|
<div class="title">More information</div>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>The <code>grub2-mkconfig</code> command creates a new configuration based on the currently
|
|
running system. It collects information from the <code>/boot</code> partition (or directory), from the <code>/etc/default/grub</code> file, and the customizable scripts in <code>/etc/grub.d/</code>.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>The configuration format is changing with time, and a new configuration
|
|
file can become slightly incompatible with the older versions of the bootloader. Always run <code>grub2-install</code> before you create the configuration file with <code>grub2-mkconfig</code>.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>In Fedora, it is generally safe to edit <code>/boot/grub2/grub.cfg</code> manually. <strong>Grubby</strong> in Fedora patches the configuration when a kernel update is performed and will try to not make any other changes than what is necessary. Manual changes can be overwritten with <code>grub2-mkconfig</code> when the system gets upgraded with
|
|
<strong>Anaconda</strong>. Customizations placed in <code>/etc/grub.d/40_custom</code> or
|
|
<code>/boot/grub2/custom.cfg</code> files will survive running the <code>grub2-mkconfig</code> command.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_installing_grub2_on_a_uefi_system">Installing GRUB2 on a UEFI system</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div id="installing-grub-2-configuration-on-uefi-system" class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Normally, <strong>GRUB2</strong> will be installed and set up by the installer, <strong>Anaconda</strong>, during the installation process. You will probably never have to deal with manual installation of <strong>GRUB2</strong>. However, in certain situations , you will want to install <strong>GRUB2</strong> manually, especially if you need to repair the existing <strong>GRUB2</strong> installation or you want to change its configuration.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>This procedure shows the steps to install <strong>GRUB2</strong> on a UEFI system on Fedora 18 or newer. The procedure consists of three parts.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect2">
|
|
<h3 id="_creating_an_efi_system_partition">Creating an EFI System Partition</h3>
|
|
<div id="create-an-esp" class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The UEFI firmware requires to boot from an <em>EFI System Partition</em> on
|
|
a disk with a GPT label. To create such a partition:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="olist arabic">
|
|
<ol class="arabic">
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>List available block devices to find a place to create your ESP.</p>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>$ lsblk</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Create at least a 128 MiB disk partition using a GPT label on the primary hard disk.</p>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>$ sudo gdisk /dev/sda</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>For the sake of this procedure, we assume that the created partition is recognized as <code>/dev/sda1</code>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Format the partition with the <em>FAT32</em> file system.</p>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>$ sudo mkfs.vfat /dev/sda1</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Create the <code>/boot/efi</code> directory as a mount point for the new partition.</p>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>$ sudo mkdir /boot/efi</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Mount the partition to the <code>/boot/efi</code> mount point.</p>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>$ sudo mount /dev/sda1 /boot/efi</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Proceed to the next part.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect2">
|
|
<h3 id="_install_the_bootloader_files">Install the bootloader files</h3>
|
|
<div id="install-the-bootloader-files" class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>In order to use <strong>GRUB2</strong> with on the UEFI systems, you need to install or re-install appropriate packages:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="olist arabic">
|
|
<ol class="arabic">
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Re-install the necessary packages.</p>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>dnf reinstall grub2-efi grub2-efi-modules shim</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>If the above command ends with an error, install the packages.</p>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>dnf install grub2-efi grub2-efi-modules shim</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="ulist">
|
|
<div class="title">More information</div>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>This installs the signed <strong>shim</strong> and the <strong>GRUB2</strong> binary.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect2">
|
|
<h3 id="_create_a_grub2_configuration">Create a GRUB2 configuration</h3>
|
|
<div id="create-a-grub-2-configuration" class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>If you already have a working <strong>GRUB2</strong> EFI configuration file, you do not need to do anything else.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Otherwise, create the configuration file using the <code>grub2-mkconfig</code> command.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>$ sudo grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/efi/EFI/fedora/grub.cfg</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="ulist">
|
|
<div class="title">More information</div>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Under EFI, <strong>GRUB2</strong> looks for its configuration in
|
|
<code>/boot/efi/EFI/fedora/grub.cfg</code>.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>For newly installed kernels to work,
|
|
<code>grubby</code> expects <code>/etc/grub2-efi.cfg</code> to be a symlink to the real
|
|
grub.cfg (for example <code>/boot/efi/EFI/fedora/grub.cfg</code>).</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_creating_the_boot_menu_entries_with_uefi_bootloader">Creating the boot menu entries with UEFI bootloader</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div id="creating-the-boot-menu-entries-with-uefi-bootloader" class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>When you power on your system, your firmware will look for EFI variables that tell it how to boot. On running systems, which have booted into the EFI mode and their EFI runtime services are working correctly, you can configure your boot menu with <code>efibootmgr</code>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>If not, <code>shim</code> can help you bootstrap. The EFI program
|
|
<code>/boot/efi/EFI/BOOT/fallback.efi</code> will look for files called <code>BOOT.CSV</code>
|
|
in your ESP and will add boot entries corresponding to them. The <code>shim</code> command
|
|
provides its own <code>BOOT.CSV</code> file that will add an entry for <code>grub2-efi</code>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>During the boot process, you can use the <strong>EFI Shell</strong> to invoke the <code>fallback.efi</code> profile to boot the system:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="olist arabic">
|
|
<ol class="arabic">
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Enter the boot partition.</p>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>> fs0:</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Navigate into the <code>EFI\BOOT</code> directory.</p>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>> cd EFI\BOOT</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Invoke the <code>fallback.efi</code> profile.</p>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>> fallback.efi</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="ulist">
|
|
<div class="title">More information</div>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>If you have no boot entries at all, then just booting off your disk in
|
|
UEFI mode should automatically invoke <code>/boot/efi/EFI/BOOT/BOOTX64.EFI</code>,
|
|
which will, in turn, invoke <code>fallback.efi</code>.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>If you already have incorrect boot entries, you’ll either need to delete
|
|
them or to modify <code>BOOT.CSV</code> to create new entries with different names.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_adding_other_operating_systems_to_the_strong_grub2_strong_menu">Adding other operating systems to the <strong>GRUB2</strong> menu</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div id="adding-other-operating-systems-to-the-grub-2-menu" class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Normally, <strong>GRUB2</strong> is preset to boot multiple operating systems during the Fedora installation process. If you can, it is advisable to install non-Linux operating systems first. Then, during the installation process, all those operating systems and their locations will be discovered and properly set.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Sometimes, however, you cannot use this approach and you will have to create the bootloader configuration file again to enable it to boot more operating systems.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="ulist">
|
|
<div class="title">Before you start</div>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Make sure that the operating systems are on disks, connected to the system.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>You have the <code>os-prober</code> package installed.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="olist arabic">
|
|
<div class="title">Procedure</div>
|
|
<ol class="arabic">
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Install <strong>GRUB2</strong> into the MBR of your primary hard disk.</p>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>$ sudo grub2-install /dev/sda</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Recreate the <strong>GRUB2</strong> configuration file.</p>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>$ sudo grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="ulist">
|
|
<div class="title">More information</div>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>The <code>grub2-mkconfig</code> command will add entries for all operating systems it can find.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>When problems appear, see the <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub.html#Multi_002dboot-manual-config">GRUB manual</a> to solve issues with booting secondary operating systems.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="footer">
|
|
<div id="footer-text">
|
|
Last updated 2017-12-12 17:53:02 CET
|
|
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|
|
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|
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|
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