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Lukáš Růžička 2017-12-12 17:56:25 +01:00 committed by Mirek Jahoda
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:md: ./modules
= Installing *GRUB2*
[[installing-grub2]]
*GRUB2* is the latest version of *GNU GRUB*, the _GRand Unified Bootloader_.
A bootloader is the first software program that runs when a computer
starts. It is responsible for loading and transferring control to the
operating system kernel. In Fedora, the kernel is Linux. The kernel then initializes
the rest of the operating system.
*GRUB2* is the follower of the previous version *GRUB* (version 0.9x). The original version is available under the name *GRUB Legacy*.
Since Fedora 16, *GRUB2* has been the default bootloader on x86 BIOS
systems. For upgrades of BIOS systems, the default is also to install
*GRUB2*, but you can opt to skip bootloader configuration entirely.
include::{md}/proc_installing-grub2-on-bios-system.adoc[leveloffset=+1]
include::{md}/proc_installing-grub2-on-efi-system.adoc[leveloffset=+1]
include::{md}/proc_creating-menu-entries-with-uefi-bootloader.adoc[leveloffset=+1]
include::{md}/proc_adding-other-operating-systems-grub2.adoc[leveloffset=+1]

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<body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>Installing <strong>GRUB2</strong></h1>
<div class="details">
<span id="author" class="author">[[installing-grub2]]</span><br>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div id="preamble">
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>GRUB2</strong> is the latest version of <strong>GNU GRUB</strong>, the <em>GRand Unified Bootloader</em>.
A bootloader is the first software program that runs when a computer
starts. It is responsible for loading and transferring control to the
operating system kernel. In Fedora, the kernel is Linux. The kernel then initializes
the rest of the operating system.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>GRUB2</strong> is the follower of the previous version <strong>GRUB</strong> (version 0.9x). The original version is available under the name <strong>GRUB Legacy</strong>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Since Fedora 16, <strong>GRUB2</strong> has been the default bootloader on x86 BIOS
systems. For upgrades of BIOS systems, the default is also to install
<strong>GRUB2</strong>, but you can opt to skip bootloader configuration entirely.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_installing_grub2_on_a_bios_system">Installing GRUB2 on a BIOS system</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div id="installing-grub-2-on-a-bios-system" class="paragraph">
<p>Normally, <strong>GRUB2</strong> will be installed and set up by the installer, <strong>Anaconda</strong>, during the installation process. You will probably never have to deal with manual installation of <strong>GRUB2</strong>. However, in certain situations , you will want to install <strong>GRUB2</strong> manually, especially if you need to repair the existing <strong>GRUB2</strong> installation or you want to change its configuration.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This procedure shows the steps to install <strong>GRUB2</strong> on your <em>Master Boot Record</em> (MBR) of your primary hard disk.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Before you start:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<div class="title">Before you start</div>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Make sure you have the the <strong>GRUB2</strong> packages and the <code>os-prober</code> package installed in your system:</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ dnf list installed | grep grub</pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>To automatically collect information about your disks and operating systems installed on them, the <code>os-prober</code> package needs to be installed on your system.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<div class="title">Procedure</div>
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>List block devices available on the system.</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ lsblk</pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Identify the primary hard disk. Usually, it is the <code>sda</code> device.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Install <strong>GRUB2</strong> in the MBR of the primary hard disk.</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ sudo grub2-install /dev/sda</pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Create a configuration file for <strong>GRUB2</strong>.</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ sudo grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg</pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Reboot your computer to boot with the newly installed bootloader.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<div class="title">More information</div>
<ul>
<li>
<p>The <code>grub2-mkconfig</code> command creates a new configuration based on the currently
running system. It collects information from the <code>/boot</code> partition (or directory), from the <code>/etc/default/grub</code> file, and the customizable scripts in <code>/etc/grub.d/</code>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The configuration format is changing with time, and a new configuration
file can become slightly incompatible with the older versions of the bootloader. Always run <code>grub2-install</code> before you create the configuration file with <code>grub2-mkconfig</code>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>In Fedora, it is generally safe to edit <code>/boot/grub2/grub.cfg</code> manually. <strong>Grubby</strong> in Fedora patches the configuration when a kernel update is performed and will try to not make any other changes than what is necessary. Manual changes can be overwritten with <code>grub2-mkconfig</code> when the system gets upgraded with
<strong>Anaconda</strong>. Customizations placed in <code>/etc/grub.d/40_custom</code> or
<code>/boot/grub2/custom.cfg</code> files will survive running the <code>grub2-mkconfig</code> command.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_installing_grub2_on_a_uefi_system">Installing GRUB2 on a UEFI system</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div id="installing-grub-2-configuration-on-uefi-system" class="paragraph">
<p>Normally, <strong>GRUB2</strong> will be installed and set up by the installer, <strong>Anaconda</strong>, during the installation process. You will probably never have to deal with manual installation of <strong>GRUB2</strong>. However, in certain situations , you will want to install <strong>GRUB2</strong> manually, especially if you need to repair the existing <strong>GRUB2</strong> installation or you want to change its configuration.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This procedure shows the steps to install <strong>GRUB2</strong> on a UEFI system on Fedora 18 or newer. The procedure consists of three parts.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_creating_an_efi_system_partition">Creating an EFI System Partition</h3>
<div id="create-an-esp" class="paragraph">
<p>The UEFI firmware requires to boot from an <em>EFI System Partition</em> on
a disk with a GPT label. To create such a partition:</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>List available block devices to find a place to create your ESP.</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ lsblk</pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Create at least a 128 MiB disk partition using a GPT label on the primary hard disk.</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ sudo gdisk /dev/sda</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For the sake of this procedure, we assume that the created partition is recognized as <code>/dev/sda1</code>.</p>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Format the partition with the <em>FAT32</em> file system.</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ sudo mkfs.vfat /dev/sda1</pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Create the <code>/boot/efi</code> directory as a mount point for the new partition.</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ sudo mkdir /boot/efi</pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Mount the partition to the <code>/boot/efi</code> mount point.</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ sudo mount /dev/sda1 /boot/efi</pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Proceed to the next part.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_install_the_bootloader_files">Install the bootloader files</h3>
<div id="install-the-bootloader-files" class="paragraph">
<p>In order to use <strong>GRUB2</strong> with on the UEFI systems, you need to install or re-install appropriate packages:</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>Re-install the necessary packages.</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>dnf reinstall grub2-efi grub2-efi-modules shim</pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>If the above command ends with an error, install the packages.</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>dnf install grub2-efi grub2-efi-modules shim</pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<div class="title">More information</div>
<ul>
<li>
<p>This installs the signed <strong>shim</strong> and the <strong>GRUB2</strong> binary.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_create_a_grub2_configuration">Create a GRUB2 configuration</h3>
<div id="create-a-grub-2-configuration" class="paragraph">
<p>If you already have a working <strong>GRUB2</strong> EFI configuration file, you do not need to do anything else.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Otherwise, create the configuration file using the <code>grub2-mkconfig</code> command.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ sudo grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/efi/EFI/fedora/grub.cfg</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<div class="title">More information</div>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Under EFI, <strong>GRUB2</strong> looks for its configuration in
<code>/boot/efi/EFI/fedora/grub.cfg</code>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>For newly installed kernels to work,
<code>grubby</code> expects <code>/etc/grub2-efi.cfg</code> to be a symlink to the real
grub.cfg (for example <code>/boot/efi/EFI/fedora/grub.cfg</code>).</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_creating_the_boot_menu_entries_with_uefi_bootloader">Creating the boot menu entries with UEFI bootloader</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div id="creating-the-boot-menu-entries-with-uefi-bootloader" class="paragraph">
<p>When you power on your system, your firmware will look for EFI variables that tell it how to boot. On running systems, which have booted into the EFI mode and their EFI runtime services are working correctly, you can configure your boot menu with <code>efibootmgr</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If not, <code>shim</code> can help you bootstrap. The EFI program
<code>/boot/efi/EFI/BOOT/fallback.efi</code> will look for files called <code>BOOT.CSV</code>
in your ESP and will add boot entries corresponding to them. The <code>shim</code> command
provides its own <code>BOOT.CSV</code> file that will add an entry for <code>grub2-efi</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>During the boot process, you can use the <strong>EFI Shell</strong> to invoke the <code>fallback.efi</code> profile to boot the system:</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>Enter the boot partition.</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>&gt; fs0:</pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Navigate into the <code>EFI\BOOT</code> directory.</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>&gt; cd EFI\BOOT</pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Invoke the <code>fallback.efi</code> profile.</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>&gt; fallback.efi</pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<div class="title">More information</div>
<ul>
<li>
<p>If you have no boot entries at all, then just booting off your disk in
UEFI mode should automatically invoke <code>/boot/efi/EFI/BOOT/BOOTX64.EFI</code>,
which will, in turn, invoke <code>fallback.efi</code>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>If you already have incorrect boot entries, you&#8217;ll either need to delete
them or to modify <code>BOOT.CSV</code> to create new entries with different names.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_adding_other_operating_systems_to_the_strong_grub2_strong_menu">Adding other operating systems to the <strong>GRUB2</strong> menu</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div id="adding-other-operating-systems-to-the-grub-2-menu" class="paragraph">
<p>Normally, <strong>GRUB2</strong> is preset to boot multiple operating systems during the Fedora installation process. If you can, it is advisable to install non-Linux operating systems first. Then, during the installation process, all those operating systems and their locations will be discovered and properly set.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Sometimes, however, you cannot use this approach and you will have to create the bootloader configuration file again to enable it to boot more operating systems.</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<div class="title">Before you start</div>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Make sure that the operating systems are on disks, connected to the system.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>You have the <code>os-prober</code> package installed.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<div class="title">Procedure</div>
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>Install <strong>GRUB2</strong> into the MBR of your primary hard disk.</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ sudo grub2-install /dev/sda</pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Recreate the <strong>GRUB2</strong> configuration file.</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ sudo grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg</pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<div class="title">More information</div>
<ul>
<li>
<p>The <code>grub2-mkconfig</code> command will add entries for all operating systems it can find.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>When problems appear, see the <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub.html#Multi_002dboot-manual-config">GRUB manual</a> to solve issues with booting secondary operating systems.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Last updated 2017-12-12 17:53:02 CET
</div>
</div>
</body>
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= Adding other operating systems to the *GRUB2* menu
[[adding-other-operating-systems-to-the-grub-2-menu]]
Normally, *GRUB2* is preset to boot multiple operating systems during the Fedora installation process. If you can, it is advisable to install non-Linux operating systems first. Then, during the installation process, all those operating systems and their locations will be discovered and properly set.
Sometimes, however, you cannot use this approach and you will have to create the bootloader configuration file again to enable it to boot more operating systems.
.Before you start
* Make sure that the operating systems are on disks, connected to the system.
* You have the `os-prober` package installed.
.Procedure
. Install *GRUB2* into the MBR of your primary hard disk.
+
----
$ sudo grub2-install /dev/sda
----
. Recreate the *GRUB2* configuration file.
+
----
$ sudo grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
----
.More information
* The `grub2-mkconfig` command will add entries for all operating systems it can find.
* When problems appear, see the link:http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub.html#Multi_002dboot-manual-config[GRUB manual] to solve issues with booting secondary operating systems.

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= Creating the boot menu entries with UEFI bootloader
[[creating-the-boot-menu-entries-with-uefi-bootloader]]
When you power on your system, your firmware will look for EFI variables that tell it how to boot. On running systems, which have booted into the EFI mode and their EFI runtime services are working correctly, you can configure your boot menu with `efibootmgr`.
If not, `shim` can help you bootstrap. The EFI program
`/boot/efi/EFI/BOOT/fallback.efi` will look for files called `BOOT.CSV`
in your ESP and will add boot entries corresponding to them. The `shim` command
provides its own `BOOT.CSV` file that will add an entry for `grub2-efi`.
During the boot process, you can use the *EFI Shell* to invoke the `fallback.efi` profile to boot the system:
. Enter the boot partition.
+
----
> fs0:
----
. Navigate into the `EFI\BOOT` directory.
+
----
> cd EFI\BOOT
----
. Invoke the `fallback.efi` profile.
+
----
> fallback.efi
----
.More information
* If you have no boot entries at all, then just booting off your disk in
UEFI mode should automatically invoke `/boot/efi/EFI/BOOT/BOOTX64.EFI`,
which will, in turn, invoke `fallback.efi`.
* If you already have incorrect boot entries, you'll either need to delete
them or to modify `BOOT.CSV` to create new entries with different names.

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= Installing GRUB2 on a BIOS system
[[installing-grub-2-on-a-bios-system]]
Normally, *GRUB2* will be installed and set up by the installer, *Anaconda*, during the installation process. You will probably never have to deal with manual installation of *GRUB2*. However, in certain situations , you will want to install *GRUB2* manually, especially if you need to repair the existing *GRUB2* installation or you want to change its configuration.
This procedure shows the steps to install *GRUB2* on your _Master Boot Record_ (MBR) of your primary hard disk.
Before you start:
.Before you start
* Make sure you have the the *GRUB2* packages and the `os-prober` package installed in your system:
+
----
$ dnf list installed | grep grub
----
* To automatically collect information about your disks and operating systems installed on them, the `os-prober` package needs to be installed on your system.
.Procedure
. List block devices available on the system.
+
----
$ lsblk
----
. Identify the primary hard disk. Usually, it is the `sda` device.
. Install *GRUB2* in the MBR of the primary hard disk.
+
----
$ sudo grub2-install /dev/sda
----
. Create a configuration file for *GRUB2*.
+
----
$ sudo grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
----
. Reboot your computer to boot with the newly installed bootloader.
.More information
* The `grub2-mkconfig` command creates a new configuration based on the currently
running system. It collects information from the `/boot` partition (or directory), from the `/etc/default/grub` file, and the customizable scripts in `/etc/grub.d/`.
* The configuration format is changing with time, and a new configuration
file can become slightly incompatible with the older versions of the bootloader. Always run `grub2-install` before you create the configuration file with `grub2-mkconfig`.
* In Fedora, it is generally safe to edit `/boot/grub2/grub.cfg` manually. *Grubby* in Fedora patches the configuration when a kernel update is performed and will try to not make any other changes than what is necessary. Manual changes can be overwritten with `grub2-mkconfig` when the system gets upgraded with
*Anaconda*. Customizations placed in `/etc/grub.d/40_custom` or
`/boot/grub2/custom.cfg` files will survive running the `grub2-mkconfig` command.

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= Installing GRUB2 on a UEFI system
[[installing-grub-2-configuration-on-uefi-system]]
Normally, *GRUB2* will be installed and set up by the installer, *Anaconda*, during the installation process. You will probably never have to deal with manual installation of *GRUB2*. However, in certain situations , you will want to install *GRUB2* manually, especially if you need to repair the existing *GRUB2* installation or you want to change its configuration.
This procedure shows the steps to install *GRUB2* on a UEFI system on Fedora 18 or newer. The procedure consists of three parts.
== Creating an EFI System Partition
[[create-an-esp]]
The UEFI firmware requires to boot from an _EFI System Partition_ on
a disk with a GPT label. To create such a partition:
. List available block devices to find a place to create your ESP.
+
----
$ lsblk
----
. Create at least a 128 MiB disk partition using a GPT label on the primary hard disk.
+
----
$ sudo gdisk /dev/sda
----
+
For the sake of this procedure, we assume that the created partition is recognized as `/dev/sda1`.
. Format the partition with the _FAT32_ file system.
+
----
$ sudo mkfs.vfat /dev/sda1
----
. Create the `/boot/efi` directory as a mount point for the new partition.
+
----
$ sudo mkdir /boot/efi
----
. Mount the partition to the `/boot/efi` mount point.
+
----
$ sudo mount /dev/sda1 /boot/efi
----
. Proceed to the next part.
== Install the bootloader files
[[install-the-bootloader-files]]
In order to use *GRUB2* with on the UEFI systems, you need to install or re-install appropriate packages:
. Re-install the necessary packages.
+
----
dnf reinstall grub2-efi grub2-efi-modules shim
----
. If the above command ends with an error, install the packages.
+
----
dnf install grub2-efi grub2-efi-modules shim
----
.More information
* This installs the signed *shim* and the *GRUB2* binary.
== Create a GRUB2 configuration
[[create-a-grub-2-configuration]]
If you already have a working *GRUB2* EFI configuration file, you do not need to do anything else.
Otherwise, create the configuration file using the `grub2-mkconfig` command.
----
$ sudo grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/efi/EFI/fedora/grub.cfg
----
.More information
* Under EFI, *GRUB2* looks for its configuration in
`/boot/efi/EFI/fedora/grub.cfg`.
* For newly installed kernels to work,
`grubby` expects `/etc/grub2-efi.cfg` to be a symlink to the real
grub.cfg (for example `/boot/efi/EFI/fedora/grub.cfg`).

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[[setting-default-entry]]
== Setting default entry
Due to `grub2-mkconfig` (and *os-prober*) we cannot predict the order of
the entries in `/boot/grub2/grub.cfg`, so we set the default by
name/title instead.
.Before you start
. Open `/etc/default/grub` and make sure these lines exist in the file.
+
----
GRUB_DEFAULT=saved
GRUB_SAVEDEFAULT=false
----
. Apply the changes to `grub.cfg` by running.
+
----
$sudo grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
----
.Procedure
. List all possible menu entries.
+
----
$sudo grep -P "submenu|^menuentry" /boot/grub2/grub.cfg | cut -d "'" -f2
----
. Set the desired default menu entry
+
----
$sudo grub2-set-default "<submenu title><menu entry title>"
----
. Verify the default menu entry
+
----
$sudo grub2-editenv list
----
.More information
If you understand the risks involved, you can manually modify the
`/boot/grub2/grub.cfg` file. In that case, set the number of the default operating system using the `set default` variable.
For example:
----
set default="5"
----